URL

java.lang.Object
- java.net.URL

All Implemented Interfaces:

Serializable
```
public final class URL
extends Object
implements Serializable
```
Class URL represents a Uniform Resource Locator, a pointer to a "resource" on the World Wide Web. A resource can be something as simple as a file or a directory, or it can be a reference to a more complicated object, such as a query to a database or to a search engine. More information on the types of URLs and their formats can be found at: Types of URL
In general, a URL can be broken into several parts. Consider the following example:
```
     http://www.example.com/docs/resource1.html
 
```
The URL above indicates that the protocol to use is http (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and that the information resides on a host machine named www.example.com. The information on that host machine is named /docs/resource1.html. The exact meaning of this name on the host machine is both protocol dependent and host dependent. The information normally resides in a file, but it could be generated on the fly. This component of the URL is called the path component.
A URL can optionally specify a "port", which is the port number to which the TCP connection is made on the remote host machine. If the port is not specified, the default port for the protocol is used instead. For example, the default port for http is 80. An alternative port could be specified as:
```
     http://www.example.com:1080/docs/resource1.html
 
```
The syntax of URL is defined by RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, amended by RFC 2732: Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs. The Literal IPv6 address format also supports scope_ids. The syntax and usage of scope_ids is described here.
A URL may have appended to it a "fragment", also known as a "ref" or a "reference". The fragment is indicated by the sharp sign character "#" followed by more characters. For example,
```
     http://java.sun.com/index.html#chapter1
 
```
This fragment is not technically part of the URL. Rather, it indicates that after the specified resource is retrieved, the application is specifically interested in that part of the document that has the tag chapter1 attached to it. The meaning of a tag is resource specific.
An application can also specify a "relative URL", which contains only enough information to reach the resource relative to another URL. Relative URLs are frequently used within HTML pages. For example, if the contents of the URL:
```
     http://java.sun.com/index.html
 
```
contained within it the relative URL:
```
 FAQ.html
 
```
it would be a shorthand for:
```
     http://java.sun.com/FAQ.html
 
```
The relative URL need not specify all the components of a URL. If the protocol, host name, or port number is missing, the value is inherited from the fully specified URL. The file component must be specified. The optional fragment is not inherited.
The URL class does not itself encode or decode any URL components according to the escaping mechanism defined in RFC2396. It is the responsibility of the caller to encode any fields, which need to be escaped prior to calling URL, and also to decode any escaped fields, that are returned from URL. Furthermore, because URL has no knowledge of URL escaping, it does not recognise equivalence between the encoded or decoded form of the same URL. For example, the two URLs:
```
     http://foo.com/hello world/ and http://foo.com/hello%20world
 
```
would be considered not equal to each other.
Since:

JDK1.0

Author:

James Gosling

See Also:

Serialized Form

Constructor Summary

Constructors
Constructor and Description
`URL(String spec)` Creates a `URL` object from the `String` representation.
`URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file)` Creates a `URL` object from the specified `protocol`, `host`, `port` number, and `file`.
`URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file, URLStreamHandler handler)` Creates a `URL` object from the specified `protocol`, `host`, `port` number, `file` , and `handler`.
`URL(String protocol, String host, String file)` Creates a URL from the specified `protocol` name, `host` name, and `file` name.
`URL(URL context, String spec)` Creates a URL by parsing the given spec within a specified context.
`URL(URL context, String spec, URLStreamHandler handler)` Creates a URL by parsing the given spec with the specified handler within a specified context.

Method Summary

All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods
Modifier and Type	Method and Description
`boolean`	`equals(Object obj)` Compares this URL for equality with another object.
`String`	`getAuthority()` Gets the authority part of this `URL`.
`Object`	`getContent()` Gets the contents of this URL.
`Object`	`getContent(Class[] classes)` Gets the contents of this URL.
`int`	`getDefaultPort()` Gets the default port number of the protocol associated with this `URL`.
`String`	`getFile()` Gets the file name of this `URL`.
`String`	`getHost()` Gets the host name of this `URL`, if applicable.
`String`	`getPath()` Gets the path part of this `URL`.
`int`	`getPort()` Gets the port number of this `URL`.
`String`	`getProtocol()` Gets the protocol name of this `URL`.
`String`	`getQuery()` Gets the query part of this `URL`.
`String`	`getRef()` Gets the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this `URL`.
`String`	`getUserInfo()` Gets the userInfo part of this `URL`.
`int`	`hashCode()` Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.
`URLConnection`	`openConnection()` Returns a `URLConnection` instance that represents a connection to the remote object referred to by the `URL`.
`InputStream`	`openStream()` Opens a connection to this `URL` and returns an `InputStream` for reading from that connection.
`boolean`	`sameFile(URL other)` Compares two URLs, excluding the fragment component.
`static void`	`setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)` Sets an application's `URLStreamHandlerFactory`.
`String`	`toExternalForm()` Constructs a string representation of this `URL`.
`String`	`toString()` Constructs a string representation of this `URL`.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
clone, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

- Constructor Detail
  - URL
```
public URL(String spec)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL object from the String representation.
    This constructor is equivalent to a call to the two-argument constructor with a null first argument.
    
    Parameters:
    
    spec - the String to parse as a URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String)
  - URL
```
public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           int port,
           String file)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, and file.
    host can be expressed as a host name or a literal IP address. If IPv6 literal address is used, it should be enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']'), as specified by RFC 2732; However, the literal IPv6 address format defined in RFC 2373: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture is also accepted.
    Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol.
    If this is the first URL object being created with the specified protocol, a stream protocol handler object, an instance of class URLStreamHandler, is created for that protocol:
    1. If the application has previously set up an instance of URLStreamHandlerFactory as the stream handler factory, then the createURLStreamHandler method of that instance is called with the protocol string as an argument to create the stream protocol handler.
    2. If no URLStreamHandlerFactory has yet been set up, or if the factory's createURLStreamHandler method returns null, then the constructor finds the value of the system property:
      
      java.protocol.handler.pkgs
      
      If the value of that system property is not null, it is interpreted as a list of packages separated by a vertical slash character '|'. The constructor tries to load the class named:
      
      <package>.<protocol>.Handler
      
      where <package> is replaced by the name of the package and <protocol> is replaced by the name of the protocol. If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then the next package in the list is tried.
    3. If the previous step fails to find a protocol handler, then the constructor tries to load from a system default package.
      
      <system default package>.<protocol>.Handler
      
      If this class does not exist, or if the class exists but it is not a subclass of URLStreamHandler, then a MalformedURLException is thrown.
    Protocol handlers for the following protocols are guaranteed to exist on the search path :-
    http, https, file, and jar
    Protocol handlers for additional protocols may also be available.
    No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
    Parameters:
    
    protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
    
    host - the name of the host.
    
    port - the port number on the host.
    
    file - the file on the host
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.
    
    See Also:
    
    System.getProperty(java.lang.String), setURLStreamHandlerFactory( java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler( java.lang.String)
  - URL
```
public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           int port,
           String file,
           URLStreamHandler handler)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL object from the specified protocol, host, port number, file , and handler. Specifying a port number of -1 indicates that the URL should use the default port for the protocol. Specifying a handler of null indicates that the URL should use a default stream handler for the protocol, as outlined for: java.net.URL#URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String)
    If the handler is not null and there is a security manager, the security manager's checkPermission method is called with a NetPermission("specifyStreamHandler") permission. This may result in a SecurityException. No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
    
    Parameters:
    
    protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
    
    host - the name of the host.
    
    port - the port number on the host.
    
    file - the file on the host
    
    handler - the stream handler for the URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.
    
    SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler explicitly.
    
    See Also:
    
    System.getProperty(java.lang.String), setURLStreamHandlerFactory( java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandlerFactory.createURLStreamHandler( java.lang.String), SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission), NetPermission
  - URL
```
public URL(String protocol,
           String host,
           String file)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL from the specified protocol name, host name, and file name. The default port for the specified protocol is used.
    This method is equivalent to calling the four-argument constructor with the arguments being protocol, host, -1, and file. No validation of the inputs is performed by this constructor.
    
    Parameters:
    
    protocol - the name of the protocol to use.
    
    host - the name of the host.
    
    file - the file on the host.
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if an unknown protocol is specified.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String)
  - URL
```
public URL(URL context,
           String spec)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL by parsing the given spec within a specified context. The new URL is created from the given context URL and the spec argument as described in RFC2396 "Uniform Resource Identifiers : Generic * Syntax" :
    <scheme>://<authority><path>?<query>#<fragment>
    The reference is parsed into the scheme, authority, path, query and fragment parts. If the path component is empty and the scheme, authority, and query components are undefined, then the new URL is a reference to the current document. Otherwise, the fragment and query parts present in the spec are used in the new URL.
    If the scheme component is defined in the given spec and does not match the scheme of the context, then the new URL is created as an absolute URL based on the spec alone. Otherwise the scheme component is inherited from the context URL.
    If the authority component is present in the spec then the spec is treated as absolute and the spec authority and path will replace the context authority and path. If the authority component is absent in the spec then the authority of the new URL will be inherited from the context.
    If the spec's path component begins with a slash character "/" then the path is treated as absolute and the spec path replaces the context path.
    Otherwise, the path is treated as a relative path and is appended to the context path, as described in RFC2396. Also, in this case, the path is canonicalized through the removal of directory changes made by occurrences of ".." and ".".
    For a more detailed description of URL parsing, refer to RFC2396.
    Parameters:
    
    context - the context in which to parse the specification.
    
    spec - the String to parse as a URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String, int, int)
  - URL
```
public URL(URL context,
           String spec,
           URLStreamHandler handler)
    throws MalformedURLException
```
    Creates a URL by parsing the given spec with the specified handler within a specified context. If the handler is null, the parsing occurs as with the two argument constructor.
    
    Parameters:
    
    context - the context in which to parse the specification.
    
    spec - the String to parse as a URL.
    
    handler - the stream handler for the URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    MalformedURLException - if no protocol is specified, or an unknown protocol is found, or spec is null.
    
    SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkPermission method doesn't allow specifying a stream handler.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler, URLStreamHandler.parseURL(java.net.URL, java.lang.String, int, int)
- Method Detail
  - equals
```
public boolean equals(Object obj)
```
    Compares this URL for equality with another object.
    If the given object is not a URL then this method immediately returns false.
    Two URL objects are equal if they have the same protocol, reference equivalent hosts, have the same port number on the host, and the same file and fragment of the file.
    Two hosts are considered equivalent if both host names can be resolved into the same IP addresses; else if either host name can't be resolved, the host names must be equal without regard to case; or both host names equal to null.
    Since hosts comparison requires name resolution, this operation is a blocking operation.
    Note: The defined behavior for equals is known to be inconsistent with virtual hosting in HTTP.
    
    Overrides:
    
    equals in class Object
    
    Parameters:
    
    obj - the URL to compare against.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.
    
    See Also:
    
    Object.hashCode(), HashMap
  - getAuthority
```
public String getAuthority()
```
    Gets the authority part of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the authority part of this URL
    
    Since:
    
    1.3
  - getContent
```
public final Object getContent()
                        throws IOException
```
    Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for:
    openConnection().getContent()
    Returns:
    
    the contents of this URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
    
    See Also:
    
    URLConnection.getContent()
  - getContent
```
public final Object getContent(Class[] classes)
                        throws IOException
```
    Gets the contents of this URL. This method is a shorthand for:
    openConnection().getContent(Class[])
    Parameters:
    
    classes - an array of Java types
    
    Returns:
    
    the content object of this URL that is the first match of the types specified in the classes array. null if none of the requested types are supported.
    
    Throws:
    
    IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
    
    Since:
    
    1.3
    
    See Also:
    
    URLConnection.getContent(Class[])
  - getDefaultPort
```
public int getDefaultPort()
```
    Gets the default port number of the protocol associated with this URL. If the URL scheme or the URLStreamHandler for the URL do not define a default port number, then -1 is returned.
    
    Returns:
    
    the port number
    
    Since:
    
    1.4
  - getFile
```
public String getFile()
```
    Gets the file name of this URL. The returned file portion will be the same as getPath(), plus the concatenation of the value of getQuery(), if any. If there is no query portion, this method and getPath() will return identical results.
    
    Returns:
    
    the file name of this URL, or an empty string if one does not exist
  - getHost
```
public String getHost()
```
    Gets the host name of this URL, if applicable. The format of the host conforms to RFC 2732, i.e. for a literal IPv6 address, this method will return the IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets ('[' and ']').
    
    Returns:
    
    the host name of this URL.
  - getPath
```
public String getPath()
```
    Gets the path part of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the path part of this URL, or an empty string if one does not exist
    
    Since:
    
    1.3
  - getPort
```
public int getPort()
```
    Gets the port number of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the port number, or -1 if the port is not set
  - getProtocol
```
public String getProtocol()
```
    Gets the protocol name of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the protocol of this URL.
  - getQuery
```
public String getQuery()
```
    Gets the query part of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the query part of this URL, or null if one does not exist
    
    Since:
    
    1.3
  - getRef
```
public String getRef()
```
    Gets the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the anchor (also known as the "reference") of this URL, or null if one does not exist
  - getUserInfo
```
public String getUserInfo()
```
    Gets the userInfo part of this URL.
    
    Returns:
    
    the userInfo part of this URL, or null if one does not exist
    
    Since:
    
    1.3
  - hashCode
```
public int hashCode()
```
    Creates an integer suitable for hash table indexing.
    The hash code is based upon all the URL components relevant for URL comparison. As such, this operation is a blocking operation.
    
    Overrides:
    
    hashCode in class Object
    
    Returns:
    
    a hash code for this URL.
    
    See Also:
    
    Object.equals(java.lang.Object), System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)
  - openConnection
```
public URLConnection openConnection()
                             throws IOException
```
    Returns a URLConnection instance that represents a connection to the remote object referred to by the URL.
    A new instance of URLConnection is created every time when invoking the URLStreamHandler.openConnection(URL) method of the protocol handler for this URL.
    
    It should be noted that a URLConnection instance does not establish the actual network connection on creation. This will happen only when calling URLConnection.connect().
    
    If for the URL's protocol (such as HTTP or JAR), there exists a public, specialized URLConnection subclass belonging to one of the following packages or one of their subpackages: java.lang, java.io, java.util, java.net, the connection returned will be of that subclass. For example, for HTTP an HttpURLConnection will be returned, and for JAR a JarURLConnection will be returned.
    
    Returns:
    
    a URLConnection linking to the URL.
    
    Throws:
    
    IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String)
  - openStream
```
public final InputStream openStream()
                             throws IOException
```
    Opens a connection to this URL and returns an InputStream for reading from that connection. This method is a shorthand for:
    openConnection().getInputStream()
    Returns:
    
    an input stream for reading from the URL connection.
    
    Throws:
    
    IOException - if an I/O exception occurs.
    
    See Also:
    
    openConnection(), URLConnection.getInputStream()
  - sameFile
```
public boolean sameFile(URL other)
```
    Compares two URLs, excluding the fragment component.
    Returns true if this URL and the other argument are equal without taking the fragment component into consideration.
    
    Parameters:
    
    other - the URL to compare against.
    
    Returns:
    
    true if they reference the same remote object; false otherwise.
  - setURLStreamHandlerFactory
```
public static void setURLStreamHandlerFactory(URLStreamHandlerFactory fac)
```
    Sets an application's URLStreamHandlerFactory. This method can be called at most once in a given Java Virtual Machine.
    The URLStreamHandlerFactory instance is used to construct a stream protocol handler from a protocol name.
    If there is a security manager, this method first calls the security manager's checkSetFactory method to ensure the operation is allowed. This could result in a SecurityException.
    
    Parameters:
    
    fac - the desired factory.
    
    Throws:
    
    Error - if the application has already set a factory.
    
    SecurityException - if a security manager exists and its checkSetFactory method doesn't allow the operation.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandlerFactory
  - toExternalForm
```
public String toExternalForm()
```
    Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
    
    Returns:
    
    a string representation of this object.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)
  - toString
```
public String toString()
```
    Constructs a string representation of this URL. The string is created by calling the toExternalForm method of the stream protocol handler for this object.
    
    Overrides:
    
    toString in class Object
    
    Returns:
    
    a string representation of this object.
    
    See Also:
    
    URL(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, int, java.lang.String), URLStreamHandler.toExternalForm(java.net.URL)

Class URL

Constructor Summary

Method Summary

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

Constructor Detail

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

URL

Method Detail

equals

getAuthority

getContent

getContent

getDefaultPort

getFile

getHost

getPath

getPort

getProtocol

getQuery

getRef

getUserInfo

hashCode

openConnection

openStream

sameFile

setURLStreamHandlerFactory

toExternalForm

toString